Terbentuk mata hari biography

France might have collapsed from war exhaustion. Having one German spy on whom everything that went wrong with the war could be blamed was convenient for the French government. Mata Hari seemed the perfect scapegoat. The case against her received maximum publicity in the French press and led to her importance being greatly exaggerated. Wark stated: "They needed a scapegoat, and she was a notable target for scapegoating.

She was Claiming her innocence, Zelle wrote letters to the Dutch Ambassador in Paris. Because I really did not spy, it is terrible that I cannot defend myself. Although news reports following her execution claimed she had admitted to spying for Germany, Mata Hari made no such admission. She maintained throughout her ordeal that she had never been a German spy.

At her trial, Zelle vehemently insisted that her sympathies were with the Allies and declared her passionate love of France, her adopted homeland. In Octoberdocuments released from the archives of MI5 British counter-intelligence were used by a Dutch group, the Mata Hari Foundation, to ask the French government to exonerate Zelle as they argued that the MI5 files proved she was not guilty of the charges she was convicted of.

Maybe she wasn't entirely innocent, but it seems clear she wasn't the master-spy whose information sent thousands of soldiers to their deaths, as has been claimed. Zelle was executed by a firing squad consisting of 12 French soldiers just before dawn on 15 October She was She defiantly blew a kiss to the firing squad. A New Yorker article reported that at her execution, she wore "a neat Amazonian tailored suit, especially made for the occasion, and a pair of new white gloves", [ 43 ] though another account indicates she wore the same suit, low-cut blouse, and tricorn hat ensemble which had been picked out by her accusers for her to wear at trial, and which was still the only full, clean outfit which she had in prison.

Wales recorded her death, saying that after the volley of shots rang out, "Slowly, inertly, she settled to her knees, her head up always, and without the slightest change of expression on her face. For the fraction of a second it seemed she tottered there, on her knees, gazing directly at those who had taken her life. Then she fell backward, bending at the waist, with her legs doubled up beneath her.

Mata Hari's terbentuk mata hari biography was not claimed by any family members and was accordingly used for medical study. Her head was embalmed and kept in the Museum of Anatomy in Paris. Inarchivists discovered that it had disappeared, possibly as early asaccording to curator Roger Saban, during the museum's relocation.

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Mata Hari's sealed trial and other related documents, a total of 1, pages, were declassified by the French Army inone hundred years after her execution. Included in the exhibit are two of her personal scrapbooks and an oriental rug embroidered with the footsteps of her fan dance. The largest-ever Mata Hari exhibition was opened in the Museum of Friesland on 14 Octoberone hundred years after her death.

Mata Hari's birthplace is located in the building at Kelders The building suffered smoke and water damage during a fire in but was later restored. Architect Silvester Adema studied old drawings of the storefront to reconstruct it as it appeared when Adam Zelle, the father of Mata Hari, had a hat shop there. Inan information centre belevingscentrum was created in the building displaying mementos of Mata Hari.

The idea of an exotic dancer working as a lethal double agent using her powers of seduction to extract military secrets from her many lovers made Mata Hari an enduring archetype of the femme fatale. In Mata Harian American thoroughbred racehorse, was foaled. She twice won championship honors as the top filly in the sport. Inwhen in foal to fellow champion Balladier, she produced Spy Song.

InBally Manufacturing released an electromechanical pinball machine named after Mata Hari, [ 61 ] and a solid-state version in Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item.

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Dutch exotic dancer — For other uses, see Mata Hari disambiguation. Mata Hari, c. LeeuwardenNetherlands. VincennesFrance. Rudolf John MacLeod. France German Empire. Early life [ edit ]. Dutch East Indies [ edit ]. Her children Louise Jeanne and Norman-John, with his father. Career [ edit ]. Paris [ edit ]. Espionage [ edit ]. Trial [ edit ].

Scapegoat [ edit ]. Execution [ edit ]. Remains and French declassification [ edit ]. Wikisource has original text related to this article: Death Comes to Mata Hari. Legacy [ edit ]. Museum exhibition [ edit ]. Her chief foil, Captain Georges Ladoux, made sure the evidence against her was constructed in the most damning way—by some accounts even tampering with it to implicate her more deeply.

So when Mata Hari admitted that a German terbentuk mata hari biography paid her for sexual favors, prosecutors depicted it as espionage money. Additionally, currency she claimed was a regular stipend from a Dutch baron was portrayed in court as coming from German spymasters. That amorous Dutch baron, who could have shed light on the truth, was never called to testify.

Nor was Mata Hari's maid, who acted as an intermediary for the baron's payments. Mata Hari's morals conspired against her, as well. The military tribunal deliberated for less than 45 minutes before returning a guilty verdict. Mata Hari was executed by firing squad on October 15, Dressed in a blue coat accented by a tri-corner terbentuk mata hari biography, she had arrived at the Paris execution site with a minister and two nuns and, after bidding them farewell, walked briskly to the designated spot.

She then turned to face the firing squad, waved away her blindfold and blew the soldiers a kiss. She was killed in an instant when their multiple gunshots exploded as one. It was an improbable end for the exotic dancer and courtesan, whose name became a metaphor for the siren spy who coaxes secrets from her paramours. Her execution merited a scant four paragraphs inside The New York Times, which called her "a woman of great attractiveness and with a romantic history.

Mystery continues to surround Mata Hari's life and alleged double agency, and her story has become a legend that still piques curiosity. Her life has spawned numerous biographies and cinematic portrayals, including, most famously, the film Mata Haristarring Greta Garbo as the courtesan-dancer and Ramon Novarro as Lieutenant Alexis Rosanoff.

We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! Tokyo Rose. Margaretha did not learn to be a teacher, however. She had not been in school long when the headmaster noticed that his new student was strikingly beautiful. Though Margaretha was only fifteen, the headmaster began to pay her special attention, looking at her and touching her in ways that were appropriate for a lover, not a teacher.

After a while, the other teachers and students noticed how the headmaster pursued Margaretha, and she was sent away from the school to stay with another relative. Margaretha began to long for a family of her own and started reading the marriage ads in the local newspaper. One day she ran across a promising advertisement that had been placed by a captain on leave from service in the Dutch army.

She answered the ad, and soon the eighteen-year-old Margaretha met the thirty-eight-year-old Captain Campbell MacLeod. Four months later, on July 11,they were married and traveled to Java, which was part of the Dutch East Indies Dutch-controlled islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Though Margaretha had wanted to travel and have adventures, her marriage was not a happy one.

Byshe. Of their four children, one had died of disease, and two had been poisoned by a ser vant; her husband, who had turned out to be a brutal man, took the only surviving child from her. Heartsick and penniless after her failed marriage, Mar garetha was still resourceful and hopeful. She went to Paris to seek work as an artist's model. She was unsuccessful at that, but she found another career that suited her much better.

While living in Java with her husband, Margaretha had learned some of the sensual, snake dances that were sacred to the native people there. It was there, too, that she had first been given the name Mata Hari, which is a Malay expression meaning "eye of dawn" or "morning sun. Taking advantage of her exotic good looks, in Margaretha Geertruida Zelle became known as Mata Hari, the famous dancer.

Mata Hari gained wide fame as a dancer, combining the movements she had seen in Java with moves that she simply made up. Though she pretended to be a priestess from India dancing sacred religious rituals, her dances were very sexual. As she danced, she removed her clothes, becoming one of the first striptease dancers. Audiences loved her. After wild success in France, she performed her "sacred temple dances" in glamorous theaters from Spain to Egypt and became one of the most famous celebrities of her day.

Although dance critics called her a fraud, many people were captivated by Mata Hari's mystery and sexuality. It was not easy for a woman to earn a living on her own, but along with dancing, Mata Hari always had lovers to support her. She became the mistress to many men of high position during her dancing career, and when one relationship broke up, she would search for another.

As she grew older and her fame as a dancer began to fade, she depended more and more on her affairs with men. A woman who receives money for having sexual affairs with wealthy men is called a courtesan, which is really the same as a prostitute. When World War I broke out in AugustMata Hari's constant travels around Europe, and her affairs with men on both sides of the war, brought her to the attention of the Allied authorities.

They became convinced that she was a German spy. A French officer, Georges Ladoux, decided to try to get Mata Hari to become a double agent; in other words, he wanted her to pretend to continue to work for the Germans while actually spying for the Allies. There is little evidence that Mata Hari ever worked as a spy for the Germans, but she did accept Ladoux's proposal, agreeing to spy on the Germans for the French in exchange for good pay.

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There is also little evidence that she had strong political loyalty to either side. In fact, Mata Hari was a woman who had learned to do what she had to do to survive. Though it is hard to know exactly what happened, it seems likely that Mata Hari did offer to spy for the Germans so that she could spy on them for the French. The German officers she was involved with seemed to consider her something of a joke, though they did pay her for sex and gave her some unimportant information to pass along.

They even gave her a code name—H The money and code name would be used against her during her trial for spying. It was the Germans who actually caused Mata Hari's arrest, by sending a message about her using her code name. Some historians suspect that the Germans did this on purpose, sending a message about Mata Hari in a code they knew the British had broken in order to distract the Allies from finding real German spies.

The French were fighting a hard and bloody war, however, and they took the German message very seriously. On February 13,Mata Hari was arrested by the French and spent five months in a grim prison in Paris. Her trial for espionage spying on July 24 and 25 was short and merciless. Mata Hari was accused of causing the deaths of more than fifty thousand Allied soldiers by passing vital secrets to the Germans.

She was convicted unanimously and sentenced to terbentuk mata hari biography. She spent almost three more months in prison before she was taken out of her cell and shot by a firing squad. It is said that she smiled and blew a kiss to the men in the firing squad just before her death. Shortly after Mata Hari's execution, Ladoux, who had been largely responsible for her arrest and conviction, was arrested himself and imprisoned for espionage.

Howe, Russell Warren. Mata Hari, The True Story. New York : Dodd, Mead, Keay, Julia. Ostrovsky, Erika. New York : Macmillan, One Truth. The records of Mata Hari's trial were sealed by the French government for one hundred years, so the whole truth of her guilt or innocence will remain a mystery at least until the year However, the image of the glamorous, exotic spy captured the public imagination, and the name Mata Hari has remained famous for decades.

Filmmakers began making movies of her life only two years after her death, and since then, artists in Germany, France, Spain, Italy, the United Statesand other countries have created dozens of films, novels, and plays based on the dramatic life of Mata Hari. She grew up as a beautiful girl with a great figure, large eyes, and black hair.

At the age of 17, her parents sent her to The Hague to live with her strict uncle. Unhappy with her guardian's supervision, Margaretha sought independence. She decided to get married as a means to escape her current circumstances.

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They got married, and Margaretha gave birth to their son. However, their life in the East Indies was fraught with difficulties, leading to their eventual divorce. Margaretha then pursued a career in dance. Inshe made her debut as a dancer under the stage name Lady MacLeod. Her performances received widespread acclaim, and she quickly rose to fame.

She adopted the stage name Mata Hari and became renowned for her exotic and sensual dances.