Biography de la tour eiffel

La tour Eiffel vue de la Seine.

Biography de la tour eiffel: Gustave Eiffel: a passionate engineer​​

Henri Rousseau La tour Eiffel. Robert Delaunay La Tour Eiffel. Autres formes artistiques. Revenus de l'exploitation. Droits d'auteur. La tour pendant l' exposition universelle de Tour Eiffel aux couleurs de l' Europe en La tour Eiffel aux couleurs nationales en hommage aux victimes de l' attentats de Paris du 13 novembre La tour Eiffel aux couleurs nationales belges en hommage aux victimes de l' attentats de Bruxelles du 22 mars Plate-forme d'observation.

Victor Lustig : « l'homme qui vendit la tour Eiffel ». Pendant l' Euro de football La tour Eiffel vue depuis le jardin des Tuileries en Tour Eiffel et Seine. The dome, with a diameter of This had been patented by Eiffel in The design of the Eiffel Tower was originated by Maurice Koechlin and Emile Nouguier, who had discussed ideas for a centrepiece for the Exposition Universelle.

In May Koechlin, working at his home, made an outline drawing of their scheme, described by him as "a great pylon, consisting of four lattice girders standing apart at the base and coming together at the top, joined together by metal trusses at regular intervals". Sauvestre added the decorative arches to the base, a glass pavilion to the first level and the cupola at the top.

The enhanced idea gained Eiffel's support for the project, and he bought the rights to the patent on the design which Koechlin, Nougier and Sauvestre had taken out. After discussing the technical problems and emphasising the practical uses of the tower, he finished his talk by saying that the tower would symbolise [ 24 ]. A budget for the Exposition was passed and on 1 May Lockroy announced an alteration to the terms of the open competition which was being held for a centerpiece for the exposition, which effectively made the choice of Eiffel's design a foregone conclusion: all entries had to include a study for a m ft four-sided metal tower on the Champ de Mars.

On 12 May a commission was set up to examine Eiffel's scheme and its rivals and on 12 June it presented its decision, which was that only Eiffel's proposal met their requirements. After some debate about the exact biography de la tour eiffel for the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January This was signed by Eiffel acting in his own capacity rather than as the representative of his company, and granted him one and a half million francs toward the construction costs.

This was less than a quarter of the estimated cost of six and a half million francs. Eiffel was to receive all income from the commercial exploitation during the exhibition and for the following twenty years. The tower had been a subject of some controversy, attracting criticism both from those who did not believe it feasible and from those who objected on artistic grounds.

Just as work began at the Champ de Mars, the "Committee of Three Hundred" one member for each metre of the tower's height was formed, led by Charles Garnier and including some of the most important figures of the French arts establishment, including Adolphe BouguereauGuy de MaupassantCharles Gounod and Jules Massenet : a petition was sent to Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphandthe Minister of Works, and was published by Le Temps.

And for twenty years Work on the foundations started on 28 January Those for the east and south legs were straightforward, each leg resting on four 2 m 6. Each of these slabs supported a limestone block, each with an inclined top to bear the supporting shoe for the ironwork. These shoes were anchored by bolts 10 cm 4 in in diameter and 7.

Work on the foundations was complete by 30 June and the erection of the iron work was started. Although no more than men were employed on the site, a prodigious amount of exacting preparatory work was entailed: the drawing office produced 1, general drawings and 3, detail drawings of the 18, different parts needed. The components, some already riveted together into sub-assemblies, were first bolted together, the bolts being replaced by rivets as construction progressed.

No drilling or shaping was done on site: if any part did not fit it was sent back to the factory for alteration. Eiffel had calculated that this would be satisfactory until they approached halfway to the first level: accordingly work was stopped for the purpose of erecting a wooden supporting scaffold. This gave ammunition to his critics, and lurid headlines including "Eiffel Suicide!

After this brief pause erection of the metalwork continued, and the critical operation of linking the four legs was successfully completed by March In order to precisely align the legs so that the connecting girders could be put into place, a provision had been made to enable precise adjustments by placing hydraulic jacks in the footings for each of the girders making up the legs.

The main structural work was completed at the end of March and, on 31 March, Eiffel celebrated by leading a group of government officials, accompanied by representatives of the press, to the top of the tower. Since the lifts were not yet in operation, the ascent was made by foot, and took over an hour, Eiffel frequently stopping to make explanations of various features.

InEiffel became involved with the French effort to construct a canal across the Panama Isthmus. The French Panama Canal Company, headed by Ferdinand de Lessepshad been attempting to build a sea-level canal, but came to the realization that this was impractical. The plan was changed to one using lockswhich Eiffel was contracted to design and build.

The locks were on a large scale, most having a change of level of 11 m 36 ft. Eiffel's reputation was badly damaged when he was implicated in the financial and political scandal which followed. Although he was simply a contractor, he was charged along with the directors of the project with raising money under false pretenses and misappropriation of funds.

On 9 FebruaryEiffel was found guilty on the charge of misuse of funds and was fined 20, francs and sentenced to two years in prison, [ 33 ] although he was acquitted on appeal. Shortly before the trial, Eiffel had announced his intention to resign from the Board of Directors of the Compagnie des Etablissements Eiffel and did so at a General Meeting held on 14 February, saying, "I have absolutely decided to abstain from any participation in any manufacturing business from now on, and so that no one can be misled and to make it most evident I intend to remain uninvolved with the establishments that bears my name, and insist that it be removed from the company's name.

The name was changed to the Anciens Etablissements Eiffel in After his retirement from the Compagnie des Etablissements Eiffel, Eiffel went on to do important work in meteorology and aerodynamics. His first aerodynamic experiments, investigating the air resistance of surfaces, were carried out by dropping the surface to be investigated together with a measuring apparatus down a vertical cable stretched between the second level of the Eiffel Tower and the ground.

Ils ne sont ni en capitales, ni en gras. Les citations ne sont pas en italique mais en corps de texte normal. Le contexte historique de la tour Eiffel [ modifier modifier le code ]. Le viaduc de Garabit. La coupole de l' Observatoire de Nice. Le palais de l'Industrie construit par Alexis Barrault pour l' Exposition universelle de Paris de Affiche de l' Exposition coloniale de Marseille en La convention du 8 janvier permet d'envisager le lancement du chantier [ modifier modifier le code ].

Le lancement du chantier [ modifier modifier le code ]. Les fondations [ modifier modifier le code ]. Conditions sociales des ouvriers [ modifier modifier le code ]. Escaliers [ modifier modifier le code ]. The foundations were completed on 30 June, and the biography de la tour eiffel of the ironwork began. The visible work on-site was complemented by the enormous amount of exacting preparatory work that took place behind the scenes: the drawing office produced 1, general drawings and 3, detailed drawings of the 18, different parts needed.

No drilling or shaping was done on site: if any part did not fit, it was sent back to the factory for alteration. In all, 18, pieces were joined using 2. At first, the legs were constructed as cantileversbut about halfway to the first level construction was paused to create a substantial timber scaffold. This renewed concerns about the structural integrity of the tower, and sensational headlines such as "Eiffel Suicide!

Charles Garnier thought it was a "truly tragic street lamp". Alexander Dumas said that it was like "Odius shadow of the odious column built of rivets and iron plates extending like a black blot". There were multiple protests over the style and the reasoning of placing it in the middle of Paris.

Biography de la tour eiffel: The first digging work started

They made use of the guides for the lifts which were to be fitted in the four legs. The critical stage of joining the legs at the first level was completed by the end of March Although construction involved on-site employees, [ 23 ] due to Eiffel's biography de la tour eiffel precautions and the use of movable gangways, guardrails and screens, only one person died.

The main structural work was completed at the end of March and, on 31 March, Eiffel celebrated by leading a group of government officials, accompanied by representatives of the press, to the top of the tower. At pm, Eiffel hoisted a large Tricolour to the accompaniment of a gun salute fired at the first level. There was still work to be done, particularly on the lifts and facilities, and the tower was not opened to the public until nine days after the opening of the exposition on 6 May; even then, the lifts had not been completed.

The tower was an instant success with the public, and nearly 30, visitors made the 1,step climb to the top before the lifts entered service on 26 May. After dark, the tower was lit by hundreds of gas lamps, and a beacon sent out three beams of red, white and blue light. Two searchlights mounted on a circular rail were used to illuminate various buildings of the exposition.

The daily opening and closing of the exposition were announced by a cannon at the top. On the second level, the French newspaper Le Figaro had an office and a printing press, where a special souvenir edition, Le Figaro de la Tourwas made. At the top, there was a post office where visitors could send letters and postcards as a memento of their visit.

Graffitists were also catered for: sheets of paper biography de la tour eiffel mounted on the walls each day for visitors to record their impressions of the tower. Gustave Eiffel described the collection of responses as "truly curious". To M Eiffel the Engineer the brave builder of so gigantic and original specimen of modern Engineering from one who has the greatest respect and admiration for all Engineers including the Great Engineer the Bon Dieu, Thomas Edison.

Eiffel made use of his apartment at the top of the tower to carry out meteorological observationsand also used the tower to perform experiments on the action of air resistance on falling bodies. Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years. It was to be dismantled inwhen its ownership would revert to the City of Paris. The city had planned to tear it down part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it should be easy to dismantle but as the tower proved to be valuable for many innovations in the early 20th century, particularly radio telegraphyit was allowed to remain after the expiry of the permit, and from it also became part of the International Time Service.

For the Exposition Universellethe lifts in the east and west legs were replaced by lifts running as far as the second level constructed by the French firm Fives-Lille. These had a compensating mechanism to keep the floor level as the angle of ascent changed at the first level, and were driven by a similar hydraulic mechanism as the Otis lifts, although this was situated at the base of the tower.

Hydraulic pressure was provided by pressurised accumulators located near this mechanism. The layout of both first and second levels was modified, with the space available for visitors on the second level. The original lift in the south pillar was removed 13 years later. Cloud to the Eiffel Tower and back in less than half an hour. InFather Theodor Wulf measured radiant energy at the top and bottom of the tower.

He found more at the top than expected, incidentally discovering what are known today as cosmic rays. During World War Ithe Eiffel Tower's wireless station played a crucial role in intercepting enemy communications from Berlin. InFrench forces successfully launched a counter-attack during the Battle of the Marne after gaining critical intelligence on the German Army's movements.

Inthe station intercepted a coded message between Germany and Spain that referenced 'Operative H On 17 November, an improved line transmitter was installed. On two separate but related occasions inthe con artist Victor Lustig "sold" the tower for scrap metal. His aircraft became entangled in an aerial belonging to a wireless station.

Upon the German occupation of Paris inthe lift cables were cut by the French. The tower was restricted to German visitors during the occupation and the lifts were not repaired until When the Allies were nearing Paris in AugustHitler ordered General Dietrich von Choltitzthe military governor of Paris, to demolish the tower along with the rest of the city.

Von Choltitz disobeyed the order. A fire started in the television transmitter on 3 Januarydamaging the top of the tower. Repairs took a year, and inthe present radio aerial was added to the top. According to interviews, inMontreal Mayor Jean Drapeau negotiated a secret agreement with Charles de Gaulle for the tower to be dismantled and temporarily relocated to Montreal to serve as a landmark and tourist attraction during Expo The plan was allegedly vetoed by the company operating the tower out of fear that the French government could refuse permission for the tower to be restored in its original location.

Inthe original lifts between the second and third levels were replaced after 97 years in service. These had been closed to the public between November and March because the water in the hydraulic drive tended to freeze. The new cars operate in pairs, with one counterbalancing the other, and perform the journey in one stage, reducing the journey time from eight minutes to less than two minutes.

At the same time, two new emergency staircases were installed, replacing the original spiral staircases. Inthe south pillar was fitted with an electrically driven Otis lift to serve the Jules Verne restaurant. The cars were replaced, and a computer system was installed to completely automate the lifts. The motive power was moved from the water hydraulic system to a new electrically driven oil-filled hydraulic system, and the original water hydraulics were retained solely as a counterbalance system.

Robert Moriarty flew a Beechcraft Bonanza under the tower on 31 March Hackett made one of his first bungee jumps from the top of the Eiffel Tower, using a special cord he had helped develop. Hackett was arrested by the police. Facing the Champ de Mars, Devaux used an electric winch between figures to go back up to the second floor. When firemen arrived, he stopped after the sixth jump.

For its "Countdown to the Year " celebration on 31 Decemberflashing lights and high-powered searchlights were installed on the tower. During the last three minutes of the year, the lights were turned on starting from the base of the tower and continuing to the top to welcome with a huge fireworks show. An exhibition above a cafeteria on the first floor commemorates this event.

The searchlights on top of the tower made it a beacon in Paris's night sky, and 20, flashing bulbs gave the tower a sparkly appearance for five minutes every hour on the hour. The lights sparkled blue for several nights to herald the new millennium on 31 December The sparkly lighting continued for 18 months until July The sparkling lights were turned on again on 21 Juneand the display was planned to last for 10 years before they needed replacing.

The tower received its ,th guest on 28 November The puddle iron wrought iron of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7, tonnes[ 70 ] and the addition of lifts, shops and antennae have brought the total weight to approximately 10, tonnes. Depending on the ambient temperaturethe top of the tower may shift away from the sun by up to 18 cm 7 in due to thermal expansion of the metal on the side facing the sun.

When it was built, Eiffel was accused of trying to create something artistic with no regard to the principles of engineering. However, Eiffel and his team were experienced bridge builders. In an interview with the newspaper Le Temps published on 14 FebruaryEiffel said:. Is it not true that the very conditions which give strength also conform to the hidden rules of harmony?

Now to what phenomenon did I have to give primary concern in designing the Tower? It was wind resistance. Well then! I hold that the curvature of the monument's four outer edges, which is as mathematical calculation dictated it should be He used graphical methods to determine the strength of the tower and empirical evidence to account for the effects of wind, rather than a mathematical formula.

Close examination of the tower reveals a basically exponential shape. The top half was assumed to have no gaps in the latticework. A one devised in after letters sent by Eiffel to the French Society of Civil Engineers in were translated into English described it as a non-linear integral equation based on counteracting the wind pressure on any point of the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that point.

The Eiffel Tower sways by up to 9 cm 3. The four columns of the tower each house access stairs and elevators to the first two floors, while at the south column only the elevator to the second floor restaurant is publicly accessible. The first floor is publicly accessible by elevator or stairs. When originally built, the first level contained three restaurants—one French, one Russian and one Flemish —and an "Anglo-American Bar".

After the exposition closed, the Flemish restaurant was converted to a seat theatre.

Biography de la tour eiffel: It is named after the

Today there is the Le 58 Tour Eiffel restaurant and other facilities. The second floor is publicly accessible by elevator or stairs and has a restaurant called Le Jules Vernea gourmet restaurant with its own lift going up from the south column to the second level. This restaurant has one star in the Michelin Red Guide. It was run by the multi- Michelin star chef Alain Ducasse from to Originally there were laboratories for various experiments, and a small apartment reserved for Gustave Eiffel to entertain guests, which is now open to the public, complete with period decorations and lifelike mannequins of Eiffel and some of his notable guests.

From untilthere was a restaurant near the top of the tower. It was removed due to structural considerations; engineers had determined it was too heavy and was causing the tower to sag.